1. Franprix Leader Price Groupe Casino Slots

It is France's second-biggest supermarket operator and, having traded for the last 121 years, a familiar sight in most of the country's towns and cities.

The group has so far sold 2.8 billion euros of assets, including several hundred discount Leader Price stores for €735 million to German rival Aldi, and has said it was working on more disposals.

Groupe Casino pioneered France's first own-brand labels, its first self-service supermarkets and its first supermarket cafeteria. Its sports and social club even evolved into AS Saint-Etienne, one of France's most famous football clubs, whose stadium bears the name of the company founder Geoffroy Guichard.

Yet the company, which employs more than 225,000 people around the world, is going through a tough time. Its parent has had to seek bankruptcy protection while shares of Casino itself have fallen by a third since the beginning of March. The stock has been, for several years, the most 'shorted' on the French stock market, which is to say, investors have been betting on further price falls.

So how did Casino get into this mess?

1. Training and Assistance: Groupe Casino offers assistance in virtually all phases of opening. Advisors are available to answer incoming franchisees’ questions as part of the project (choice of teaching, management and development of the concept store, initial training) as in the course of running the store (ongoing sales support, training) so.
2. In September 1997, the Casino group took over Leader Price, with 250 stores (and Franprix, 400 stores) from TLC Beatrice, and opened Leader Price in Belgium. In March 2010, the chain modernized and changed its logo to a more simple one. Leader Price now has over 500 stores in France.

The main problem is the complex - and heavily indebted - company structure in which Casino sits. This was the creation of Jean-Charles Naouri, the 70-year-old chairman and chief executive of Casino, one of France's richest men, who is regularly described as the 'godfather of French retail'.

Mr Naouri, the Algerian-born son of a doctor and a schoolteacher, has for more than three decades been one of the country's best-connected individuals.

He was marked out for greatness at an early age, first attending the prestigious Ecole Normale Superieure, a higher education establishment whose alumni include the legendary microbiologist Louis Pasteur. He followed this by attending the equally-prestigious Ecole Normale d'Administration, where no fewer than four French presidents studied, including Emmanuel Macron, along with scores of France's leading business people.

On graduating, Mr Naouri began his career in the finance ministry, working for Pierre Beregovoy, who went on to become prime minister. He then moved to the private sector with Banque Rothschild before, in 1987, setting up an investment fund called Euris.

The business accumulated shareholdings in a number of leading companies and made a name for itself in a number of big takeover battles in France and beyond. These included one of the first instances in Britain of a so-called 'leveraged buy-out', a takeover funded largely with borrowed money, backing the Isosceles consortium in its £2.2billion debt-fuelled takeover in 1989 of the Gateway supermarket chain.

This troublesome experience - Isosceles, which came close to collapse, remains a dirty word to those still working in the City who remember it - did not put off Mr Naouri from grocery retailing. In 1992, he engineered a merger between the Britanny-based supermarket operator Rallye with Casino, in which the descendents of Mr Guichard owned a near-27% shareholding. The deal created the second-largest food retailer in France after Carrefour. Over time, Mr Naouri was able to consolidate his grip over the company by, for example, selling it various property assets owned by Foncière Euris in exchange for shares in the business.

He also helped steer Casino's takeover in 1997 of the Franprix convenience store chain and the Leader Price discount format and, following a bid for Casino from the rival Promodes chain that year, took control of the business by successfully posing as a 'white knight'. He became chief executive of Casino in 2005 after unceremoniously ousting his predecessor, Pierre Bouchut, building it into a global company whose operations also span Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia.

The upshot of all this company-building, though, has been a hideously complicated corporate structure. Casino is 51.7% owned by Rallye, which is itself 61.2% owned by Foncière Euris, another quoted company. It in turn is 89% owned by Euris, opera-loving Mr Naouri's original fund, beyond which sits Finatis, another quoted company controlled by Mr Naouri.

And with this structure has come problems. They began when, at the end of 2015, a US firm called Muddy Waters, which specialises in highlighting the difficulties of companies whose shares it regards as ripe for short-selling, published a report in which it accused Casino of financial engineering. It led investors to liken Casino's company structure to that of a wedding cake.

The problem was that each layer of the cake was not only indebted but was required to continue paying dividends to help the layer above service its own debts. So, for example, Rallye became dependent on dividends from Casino but, in turn, needed to pay dividends itself to support Foncière Euris higher up the cake.

Mr Naouri fought off the doubters in 2016 by raising more than €4bn by selling Casino's assets in Thailand and Vietnam.

However, by the middle of last year, Casino was not only facing financial headaches. As in the UK, competition in the French grocery sector has intensified, with established domestic players like Casino, E Leclerc and Carrefour having to focus more on discount brands to take on the 'limited assortment' German operators Lidl and Aldi.

There has also, as with Britain, been a move away 'big box' hypermarket-style stores towards local and convenience formats. Nor have the likes of Carrefour or Casino been able to compete, as their British peers have, by taking a hit to their margins and selling some items at a loss to attract shoppers.

The French Ministry of Agriculture has just introduced new rules more or less banning 'buy one get one free' style offers and imposing a minimum 10% profit margin on all items of food and drink which prevent the grocery multiples from selling items at close to or below cost price. The idea was that, while shoppers would pay more for their groceries, the extra money would find its way to France's hard-pressed farmers.

That intensification of competition in the French grocery sector has renewed doubts about Casino's health and, last year, sparked a 30%+ fall in Casino's shares. Because some of those shares had been pledged as collateral for loans made to other companies in the wedding cake, it started to raise concerns about the ability of those companies to refinance their debts when they fell due. Those debts currently stand at around €2.7bn for Casino and a further €2.9bn at Rallye.

Mr Naouri is fighting back. Obtaining bankruptcy protection for Rallye last week bought him six months to carry out a restructuring. The first impact of that was felt today when Casino decided against paying a half-year dividend to shareholders in order to conserve cash.

But the ultimate outcome for Casino - whose debt is now rated deep in 'junk' territory - looks like involving finding a buyer for Rallye's stake in the business - e-commerce giants Amazon and Alibaba have both been mentioned - or for creditors to convert part of their debt into new shares in the business. Either eventuality would, in all likelihood, bring to an end Mr Naouri's control of this venerable old business.

It is France's second-biggest supermarket operator and, having traded for the last 121 years, a familiar sight in most of the country's towns and cities.

Groupe Casino pioneered France's first own-brand labels, its first self-service supermarkets and its first supermarket cafeteria. Its sports and social club even evolved into AS Saint-Etienne, one of France's most famous football clubs, whose stadium bears the name of the company founder Geoffroy Guichard.

Yet the company, which employs more than 225,000 people around the world, is going through a tough time. Its parent has had to seek bankruptcy protection while shares of Casino itself have fallen by a third since the beginning of March. The stock has been, for several years, the most 'shorted' on the French stock market, which is to say, investors have been betting on further price falls.

So how did Casino get into this mess?

The main problem is the complex - and heavily indebted - company structure in which Casino sits. This was the creation of Jean-Charles Naouri, the 70-year-old chairman and chief executive of Casino, one of France's richest men, who is regularly described as the 'godfather of French retail'.

Mr Naouri, the Algerian-born son of a doctor and a schoolteacher, has for more than three decades been one of the country's best-connected individuals.

He was marked out for greatness at an early age, first attending the prestigious Ecole Normale Superieure, a higher education establishment whose alumni include the legendary microbiologist Louis Pasteur. He followed this by attending the equally-prestigious Ecole Normale d'Administration, where no fewer than four French presidents studied, including Emmanuel Macron, along with scores of France's leading business people.

On graduating, Mr Naouri began his career in the finance ministry, working for Pierre Beregovoy, who went on to become prime minister. He then moved to the private sector with Banque Rothschild before, in 1987, setting up an investment fund called Euris.

The business accumulated shareholdings in a number of leading companies and made a name for itself in a number of big takeover battles in France and beyond. These included one of the first instances in Britain of a so-called 'leveraged buy-out', a takeover funded largely with borrowed money, backing the Isosceles consortium in its £2.2billion debt-fuelled takeover in 1989 of the Gateway supermarket chain.

This troublesome experience - Isosceles, which came close to collapse, remains a dirty word to those still working in the City who remember it - did not put off Mr Naouri from grocery retailing. In 1992, he engineered a merger between the Britanny-based supermarket operator Rallye with Casino, in which the descendents of Mr Guichard owned a near-27% shareholding. The deal created the second-largest food retailer in France after Carrefour. Over time, Mr Naouri was able to consolidate his grip over the company by, for example, selling it various property assets owned by Foncière Euris in exchange for shares in the business.

He also helped steer Casino's takeover in 1997 of the Franprix convenience store chain and the Leader Price discount format and, following a bid for Casino from the rival Promodes chain that year, took control of the business by successfully posing as a 'white knight'. He became chief executive of Casino in 2005 after unceremoniously ousting his predecessor, Pierre Bouchut, building it into a global company whose operations also span Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia.

The upshot of all this company-building, though, has been a hideously complicated corporate structure. Casino is 51.7% owned by Rallye, which is itself 61.2% owned by Foncière Euris, another quoted company. It in turn is 89% owned by Euris, opera-loving Mr Naouri's original fund, beyond which sits Finatis, another quoted company controlled by Mr Naouri.

And with this structure has come problems. They began when, at the end of 2015, a US firm called Muddy Waters, which specialises in highlighting the difficulties of companies whose shares it regards as ripe for short-selling, published a report in which it accused Casino of financial engineering. It led investors to liken Casino's company structure to that of a wedding cake.

The problem was that each layer of the cake was not only indebted but was required to continue paying dividends to help the layer above service its own debts. So, for example, Rallye became dependent on dividends from Casino but, in turn, needed to pay dividends itself to support Foncière Euris higher up the cake.

Mr Naouri fought off the doubters in 2016 by raising more than €4bn by selling Casino's assets in Thailand and Vietnam.

However, by the middle of last year, Casino was not only facing financial headaches. As in the UK, competition in the French grocery sector has intensified, with established domestic players like Casino, E Leclerc and Carrefour having to focus more on discount brands to take on the 'limited assortment' German operators Lidl and Aldi.

There has also, as with Britain, been a move away 'big box' hypermarket-style stores towards local and convenience formats. Nor have the likes of Carrefour or Casino been able to compete, as their British peers have, by taking a hit to their margins and selling some items at a loss to attract shoppers.

The French Ministry of Agriculture has just introduced new rules more or less banning 'buy one get one free' style offers and imposing a minimum 10% profit margin on all items of food and drink which prevent the grocery multiples from selling items at close to or below cost price. The idea was that, while shoppers would pay more for their groceries, the extra money would find its way to France's hard-pressed farmers.

That intensification of competition in the French grocery sector has renewed doubts about Casino's health and, last year, sparked a 30%+ fall in Casino's shares. Because some of those shares had been pledged as collateral for loans made to other companies in the wedding cake, it started to raise concerns about the ability of those companies to refinance their debts when they fell due. Those debts currently stand at around €2.7bn for Casino and a further €2.9bn at Rallye.

Mr Naouri is fighting back. Obtaining bankruptcy protection for Rallye last week bought him six months to carry out a restructuring. The first impact of that was felt today when Casino decided against paying a half-year dividend to shareholders in order to conserve cash.

Franprix Leader Price Groupe Casino Slots

But the ultimate outcome for Casino - whose debt is now rated deep in 'junk' territory - looks like involving finding a buyer for Rallye's stake in the business - e-commerce giants Amazon and Alibaba have both been mentioned - or for creditors to convert part of their debt into new shares in the business. Either eventuality would, in all likelihood, bring to an end Mr Naouri's control of this venerable old business.